B-cells develop in the bone marrow. The development of the B-cell in the bone marrow is where the B-cell develops it's immunoglobulin gene that it expresses on the surface. B-cell development begins there with heavy chain gene formation with the genes heavy V and heavy DJ. Say it hasn't rearranged the light chain yet. A [...]
Pre-T cells from the bone marrow go to the thymus. Once in the thymus, they have to go to the lymph nodes, and after they've been activated they have to go to the site of infection. T-cell response to self-antigens is prevented by B-7 cells on the surface of the antigen presenting cell and CD-28 [...]
Nucleocapsids are nucleic acids complexed with the protein within a virus. To grasp how small viruses are, a polio virus is 30 nanometers. The viruses have spikes on their outside. Tobacco mosaic viruses are round shaped viruses. Many capsid proteins can reassemble into virus like proteins (VLPs). Hepatitits B-Virus (HBV) and Human Papilloma-Virus (HPV) vaccines [...]
Virus particles are too large to diffuse across the plasma membrane. Receptors are needed to get viruses into cells. Then, the genome can be transferred inside the cell. Only viruses of fungi, that have no extracellular phases; and viruses of plants, which enter cells by mechanical damage, don’t utilize receptors to enter the cells. One [...]
As you are probably aware, antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic single-stranded chains of nucleic acids that bind to RNA (ribonucleic acid) ; and in doing so alter the or reduce the expression of the target RNA. They reduce expression of mutant proteins and restore expression of wild type proteins. Anti-sense oligonucleotides also are known to interfere [...]
HIV (which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus) was discovered in the late 1970’s. Some of the people that acquired the HIV virus were coming down with AIDS(Acute Immuno – Deficiency Syndrome). These patients started dying from very common diseases. The HIV virus was found by assaying for the enzyme reverse transcriptase. When activated reverse transcriptase [...]
As you are probably aware, antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic single-stranded chains of nucleic acids that bind to RNA (ribonucleic acid) ; and in doing so alter the or reduce the expression of the target RNA. They reduce expression of mutant proteins and restore expression of wild type proteins. Anti-sense oligonucleotides also are known to interfere [...]
HIV (which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus) was discovered in the late 1970's. Some of the people that acquired the HIV virus were coming down with AIDS(Acute Immuno - Deficiency Syndrome). These patients started dying from very common diseases. The HIV virus was found by assaying for the enzyme reverse transcriptase. When activated reverse transcriptase [...]
Ever since the Apollo project at NASA had been completed, scientists and engineers have been seeking support for a Mars program which would first provide manned space travel to Mars from Earth; and subsequently even provide living quarters on the planet Mars. It has been projected that these living quarters be constructed similar to domes [...]
In the 1980’s, William Coley, a surgeon at New York Memorial ( now known as Sloan Kettering Memorial Cancer Center) observed that some patients infected during surgery could reject their tumors. He noted that killed Strep. pyogenes and Serratia Marcescens (which he named Coley’s Toxin) could lead to similar rejection of tumor cells. He famously [...]
